Innate immunity- immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
Lysozyme- an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
Phagocytes- cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles and dead or dying cells
Monocytes- type of white blood cell that is part of the innate immune system of vertebrates
Macrophages- cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues
Positive Chemotaxis- phenomenon whereby somatic cells, bacteria, and other single cell or multicellular organisms direct their movement toward a higher concentration of the chemical question
Pseudopodial Movement- movement through extension and contraction of microfilaments by eukaryotic cells or unicellular cells
Normal Flora- bacteria which are found in or on our bodies on semi-permanent basis without causing disease
First line of defense- the job of the skin, mucus, sweat, and tear to keep pathogens out of the body
Second line of defense- response to internal threats
Inflammatory response- part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli
Histamine- a heterocyclic amine that is released by cells in response to injury and allergic reaction
Chemokines- proteins secreted by cells that attract phagocyte to the infected area
Pyrogens- substance that produces fever with introduced or released in the blood
Systemic response- response that is systematic
Interferons- a protein released by animal cells that has property of inhibiting virus replication
Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC's)- a cell surface molecule encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates
Class 1 MHC- All cells other than WBC's possess these. These are for telling WBC's that a cell is infected when they are put out on the surface holding an antigen
Class 2 MHC- All WBC's possess these. They show other WBC's what to look for and kill
Herbivory- The consumption of a plant
Cork- Dead cells that protect the exterior of trees and shrubs
Canavines- Distasteful substances/ poisons
Tannins- Also called canavines; they are distasteful substances/ poisons
Jasmonic Acid- a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory
Antigen- A surface protein on a pathogen that causes antibodies to be generated
Antigen Receptors- These are "recognition hands" on lymphocytes
Clonal Selection- there are several million clones of antibody-producing cells in each adult, each programmed to make an antibody of a single specificity and carrying cell-surface receptors for specific antigens; exposure to antigen induces cells with receptors for that antigen to proliferate and produce large quantities of specific antibody
Effector Cells- any cell, such as an activated lymphocyte or plasma cell, which is instrumental in causing antigen disposal accomplished by either a cell-mediated or a humoral immunological response
Memory Cells- any small, long-lived lymphocyte that has previously encountered a given antigen and that on re-exposure to the same antigen rapidly initiates the immune response (memory T cell) or proliferates and produces large amounts of specific antibody (memory B cell): the agent of lasting immunity
Primary Immune Response-The first encounter with a pathogen
Secondary Immune Response- This is a second, third, etc. encounter with that same pathogen
Specific Immune Response- Using lymphocytes to fight infections
Lymphocyte WBC- "specialized assassins" which attack specific pathogens
B(bursa) lymphocytes- These "kill" by producing antibodies
T(thymus) lymphocytes- These "kill" by using chemicals to kill infected cells
Cytotoxic T Cells- a T cell expressing CD8 receptor, and involved in inducing death of infected somatic cells and cancer cells
Helper Cells- A form of T lymphocyte that acts in conjunction with B lymphocytes to permit antibody formation
Humoral Immunity- a form of immunity whereby b lymphocytes and plasma cells produce antibodies to foreign agents (antigens) and stimulate t lymphocytes to attack them (cellular immunity). These antibodies also stimulate the release of chemical mediators (for example interferon, complement) which enhance antigen destruction
Plasma cells- Special white blood cells that produce antibodies
Interleukin 2 (IL-2)- a hormone-like substance released by stimulated t lymphocytes, causes activation and differentiation of other t lymphocytes independently of antigen
Cell-mediated Immunity- immune response that involves effector t lymphocytes and not the production of humoral antibody
Interleukin-1 (IL1)- a soluble protein (17 kD: 152 amino acids) secreted by monocytes, macrophages or accessory cells involved in the activation of both t-lymphocytes and b lymphocytes and potentiates their response to antigens or mitogens
Perforin- Perforins 1 and 2 form tubular transmembrane complexes (16nm diameter) at the sites of target cell lysis by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-cells
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)- an immunoglobulin molecule that reacts with a specific antigen that induced its synthesis and with similar molecules
Light Chain- The smaller of the two types of polypeptide chains in immunoglobulins, consisting of an antigen-binding portion with a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region with an amino acid sequence that is relatively unchanging
Heavy Chain- The larger of the two types of polypeptide chains in immunoglobulins, consisting of an antigen-binding portion having a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region that defines the antibody class
Variable region- The portion of the amino terminal of an immunoglobulin's heavy and light chains having a variable amino acid sequence
Constant region- The portion of the carboxyl terminal of an immunoglobulin's heavy and light chains having an amino acid sequence that does not vary within a given class or subclass of immunoglobulin
Paracrine- denoting a type of hormone function in which hormone synthesized in and released from endocrine cells binds to its receptor in nearby cells and affects their function
Allergy- a hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen, reexposure bringing to light an altered capacity to react
Autoimmune Disorders- are conditions in which a person's immune system attacks the body's own cells, causing tissue destruction
Lupus- any of a group of skin diseases in which the lesions are characteristically eroded
Rheumatoid Arthritis- a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and deformity of the joints. Other problems throughout the body (systemic problems) may also develop, including inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis), the development of bumps (called rheumatoid nodules) in various parts of the body, lung disease, blood disorders, and weakening of the bones (osteoporosis)
Insulin-dependent Diabetes- an autoimmune disorder in which WBCs attack the pancreas cells that make insulin, which usually moves glucose to where it is stored for energy. Without insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream and cannot be broken down for energy
Multiple Sclerosis- an autoimmune disorder in which the WBCs attack the Schwann cells and myelin sheathes of neurons and leads to muscle burn
Immunodeficiency Diseases- any group of diseases caused by a defect in the immune system and generally characterized by susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases
SCID- an immunodeficiency disease in which infants are born with an almost absent immune system due to a defective gene
Hodgkin's Lymphoma- an immunodeficiency disease in which there is a cancer of the lymphocyte white blood cells
Stress- an immunodeficiency disease which weakens the immune system (using cortisol)
HIV/AIDs- an immunodeficiency disease caused by a retrovirus
Retrovirus- an RNA virus that replicates in a host cell. First it uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. This new DNA is then incorporated into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme
Virulent- deadly; highly infective
Non-Virulent- harmful
Gene-for-gene recognition- a widespread form of plant disease resistance involving recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by the protein products of specific plant disease resistance genes
Coevolution- the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
Elicitors- substances which elicit the formation of phytoalexins
Phytoalexins- any group of substances produced by plants that inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi that infect them
PR proteins- a protein involved in plant responses to pathogens
Hypersensitive Response- a plant defense against pathogen invasion using a massive release of phytoalexins and PR proteins to injured infected cells. This causes a sealing off effect in leaves and creates a dead zone
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)-a plant defense against pathogen invasion accomplished by releasing salicylic acid production
Epidemiologists--scientists who study disease patterns
Myelin- A white fatty material, composed chiefly of lipids and lipoproteins, that encloses certain axons and nerve fibers
Lysozyme- an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
Phagocytes- cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles and dead or dying cells
Monocytes- type of white blood cell that is part of the innate immune system of vertebrates
Macrophages- cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues
Positive Chemotaxis- phenomenon whereby somatic cells, bacteria, and other single cell or multicellular organisms direct their movement toward a higher concentration of the chemical question
Pseudopodial Movement- movement through extension and contraction of microfilaments by eukaryotic cells or unicellular cells
Normal Flora- bacteria which are found in or on our bodies on semi-permanent basis without causing disease
First line of defense- the job of the skin, mucus, sweat, and tear to keep pathogens out of the body
Second line of defense- response to internal threats
Inflammatory response- part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli
Histamine- a heterocyclic amine that is released by cells in response to injury and allergic reaction
Chemokines- proteins secreted by cells that attract phagocyte to the infected area
Pyrogens- substance that produces fever with introduced or released in the blood
Systemic response- response that is systematic
Interferons- a protein released by animal cells that has property of inhibiting virus replication
Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC's)- a cell surface molecule encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates
Class 1 MHC- All cells other than WBC's possess these. These are for telling WBC's that a cell is infected when they are put out on the surface holding an antigen
Class 2 MHC- All WBC's possess these. They show other WBC's what to look for and kill
Herbivory- The consumption of a plant
Cork- Dead cells that protect the exterior of trees and shrubs
Canavines- Distasteful substances/ poisons
Tannins- Also called canavines; they are distasteful substances/ poisons
Jasmonic Acid- a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory
Antigen- A surface protein on a pathogen that causes antibodies to be generated
Antigen Receptors- These are "recognition hands" on lymphocytes
Clonal Selection- there are several million clones of antibody-producing cells in each adult, each programmed to make an antibody of a single specificity and carrying cell-surface receptors for specific antigens; exposure to antigen induces cells with receptors for that antigen to proliferate and produce large quantities of specific antibody
Effector Cells- any cell, such as an activated lymphocyte or plasma cell, which is instrumental in causing antigen disposal accomplished by either a cell-mediated or a humoral immunological response
Memory Cells- any small, long-lived lymphocyte that has previously encountered a given antigen and that on re-exposure to the same antigen rapidly initiates the immune response (memory T cell) or proliferates and produces large amounts of specific antibody (memory B cell): the agent of lasting immunity
Primary Immune Response-The first encounter with a pathogen
Secondary Immune Response- This is a second, third, etc. encounter with that same pathogen
Specific Immune Response- Using lymphocytes to fight infections
Lymphocyte WBC- "specialized assassins" which attack specific pathogens
B(bursa) lymphocytes- These "kill" by producing antibodies
T(thymus) lymphocytes- These "kill" by using chemicals to kill infected cells
Cytotoxic T Cells- a T cell expressing CD8 receptor, and involved in inducing death of infected somatic cells and cancer cells
Helper Cells- A form of T lymphocyte that acts in conjunction with B lymphocytes to permit antibody formation
Humoral Immunity- a form of immunity whereby b lymphocytes and plasma cells produce antibodies to foreign agents (antigens) and stimulate t lymphocytes to attack them (cellular immunity). These antibodies also stimulate the release of chemical mediators (for example interferon, complement) which enhance antigen destruction
Plasma cells- Special white blood cells that produce antibodies
Interleukin 2 (IL-2)- a hormone-like substance released by stimulated t lymphocytes, causes activation and differentiation of other t lymphocytes independently of antigen
Cell-mediated Immunity- immune response that involves effector t lymphocytes and not the production of humoral antibody
Interleukin-1 (IL1)- a soluble protein (17 kD: 152 amino acids) secreted by monocytes, macrophages or accessory cells involved in the activation of both t-lymphocytes and b lymphocytes and potentiates their response to antigens or mitogens
Perforin- Perforins 1 and 2 form tubular transmembrane complexes (16nm diameter) at the sites of target cell lysis by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-cells
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)- an immunoglobulin molecule that reacts with a specific antigen that induced its synthesis and with similar molecules
Light Chain- The smaller of the two types of polypeptide chains in immunoglobulins, consisting of an antigen-binding portion with a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region with an amino acid sequence that is relatively unchanging
Heavy Chain- The larger of the two types of polypeptide chains in immunoglobulins, consisting of an antigen-binding portion having a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region that defines the antibody class
Variable region- The portion of the amino terminal of an immunoglobulin's heavy and light chains having a variable amino acid sequence
Constant region- The portion of the carboxyl terminal of an immunoglobulin's heavy and light chains having an amino acid sequence that does not vary within a given class or subclass of immunoglobulin
Paracrine- denoting a type of hormone function in which hormone synthesized in and released from endocrine cells binds to its receptor in nearby cells and affects their function
Allergy- a hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen, reexposure bringing to light an altered capacity to react
Autoimmune Disorders- are conditions in which a person's immune system attacks the body's own cells, causing tissue destruction
Lupus- any of a group of skin diseases in which the lesions are characteristically eroded
Rheumatoid Arthritis- a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and deformity of the joints. Other problems throughout the body (systemic problems) may also develop, including inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis), the development of bumps (called rheumatoid nodules) in various parts of the body, lung disease, blood disorders, and weakening of the bones (osteoporosis)
Insulin-dependent Diabetes- an autoimmune disorder in which WBCs attack the pancreas cells that make insulin, which usually moves glucose to where it is stored for energy. Without insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream and cannot be broken down for energy
Multiple Sclerosis- an autoimmune disorder in which the WBCs attack the Schwann cells and myelin sheathes of neurons and leads to muscle burn
Immunodeficiency Diseases- any group of diseases caused by a defect in the immune system and generally characterized by susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases
SCID- an immunodeficiency disease in which infants are born with an almost absent immune system due to a defective gene
Hodgkin's Lymphoma- an immunodeficiency disease in which there is a cancer of the lymphocyte white blood cells
Stress- an immunodeficiency disease which weakens the immune system (using cortisol)
HIV/AIDs- an immunodeficiency disease caused by a retrovirus
Retrovirus- an RNA virus that replicates in a host cell. First it uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. This new DNA is then incorporated into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme
Virulent- deadly; highly infective
Non-Virulent- harmful
Gene-for-gene recognition- a widespread form of plant disease resistance involving recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by the protein products of specific plant disease resistance genes
Coevolution- the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
Elicitors- substances which elicit the formation of phytoalexins
Phytoalexins- any group of substances produced by plants that inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi that infect them
PR proteins- a protein involved in plant responses to pathogens
Hypersensitive Response- a plant defense against pathogen invasion using a massive release of phytoalexins and PR proteins to injured infected cells. This causes a sealing off effect in leaves and creates a dead zone
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)-a plant defense against pathogen invasion accomplished by releasing salicylic acid production
Epidemiologists--scientists who study disease patterns
Myelin- A white fatty material, composed chiefly of lipids and lipoproteins, that encloses certain axons and nerve fibers